BP102T. PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS (Theory)

Unit-I (10 Hours)

• Pharmaceutical Analysis: Definition and scope.
  i) Different techniques of analysis.
  ii) Methods of expressing concentration.
  iii) Primary and secondary standards.
  iv) Preparation and standardization of various molar and normal solutions:
  • Oxalic acid
  • Sodium hydroxide
  • Hydrochloric acid
  • Sodium thiosulphate
  • Sulphuric acid
  • Potassium permanganate
  • Ceric ammonium sulphate
• Errors:
  • Sources of errors, types of errors.
  • Methods of minimizing errors.
  • Accuracy, precision, and significant figures.
• Pharmacopoeia: Sources of impurities in medicinal agents, limit tests.

Unit-II (10 Hours)

• Acid Base Titration:
  • Theories of acid-base indicators.
  • Classification of acid-base titrations.
  • Theory involved in titrations of strong, weak, and very weak acids and bases.
  • Neutralization curves.
• Non-aqueous Titration:
  • Solvents, acidimetry, and alkalimetry titration.
  • Estimation of Sodium benzoate and Ephedrine HCl.

Unit-III (10 Hours)

• Precipitation Titrations:
  • Mohr’s method, Volhard’s method, Modified Volhard’s method, and Fajan’s method.
  • Estimation of sodium chloride.
• Complexometric Titration:
  • Classification.
  • Metal ion indicators.
  • Masking and demasking reagents.
  • Estimation of Magnesium sulphate and Calcium gluconate.
• Gravimetry:
  • Principle and steps involved in gravimetric analysis.
  • Purity of the precipitate: Co-precipitation and Post-precipitation.
  • Estimation of Barium sulphate.
• Diazotization Titration: Basic principles, methods, and applications.

Unit-IV (08 Hours)

• Redox Titrations:
  • Concepts of oxidation and reduction.
  • Types of redox titrations (Principles and applications):
    • Cerimetry
    • Iodimetry
    • Iodometry
    • Bromometry
    • Dichrometry
    • Titration with potassium-iodate.

Unit-V (07 Hours)

• Electrochemical Methods of Analysis:
  • Conductometry:
    • Introduction.
    • Conductivity cell.
    • Conductometric titrations and applications.
  • Potentiometry:
    • Electrochemical cell.
    • Construction and working of reference electrodes:
      • Standard hydrogen electrode.
      • Silver chloride electrode.
      • Calomel electrode.
    • Indicator electrodes: Metal electrodes and glass electrode.
    • Methods to determine endpoint of potentiometric titration and applications.
  • Polarography:
    • Principle.
    • Ilkovic equation.
    • Construction and working of:
      • Dropping mercury electrode.
      • Rotating platinum electrode.
    • Applications.