BP201T. HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-II

Unit-I

Nervous System:

• Organization of nervous system, neuron, neuroglia, classification and properties of nerve fibers.
• Electrophysiology, action potential, nerve impulse, receptors, synapse, neurotransmitters.

Central Nervous System:

• Meninges, ventricles of brain, and cerebrospinal fluid.
• Structure and functions of brain (cerebrum, brain stem, cerebellum).
• Spinal cord (gross structure, functions of afferent and efferent nerve tracts, reflex activity).

Unit-II (06 Hours)

Digestive System:

• Anatomy of GI Tract with special reference to anatomy and functions of stomach.
  • Acid production in the stomach and its regulation through the parasympathetic nervous system.
  • Pepsin’s role in protein digestion.
• Anatomy and functions of small intestine, large intestine, salivary glands, pancreas, and liver.
• Movements of GIT, digestion, absorption of nutrients, and disorders of GIT.

Energetics:

• Formation and role of ATP, Creatinine Phosphate, and BMR.

Unit-III (10 Hours)

Respiratory System:

• Anatomy of the respiratory system with special reference to anatomy of lungs.
• Mechanism of respiration and regulation of respiration.
• Lung volumes and capacities, transport of respiratory gases.
• Artificial respiration and resuscitation methods.

Urinary System:

• Anatomy of the urinary tract with special reference to anatomy of kidney and nephrons.
• Functions of kidneys and the urinary tract, physiology of urine formation.
• Micturition reflex, role of kidneys in acid-base balance, role of RAS in kidneys, and disorders of kidneys.

Unit-IV (10 Hours)

Endocrine System:

• Classification of hormones and the mechanism of hormone action.
• Structure and functions of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, pineal gland, and thymus.
• Disorders of the endocrine glands.

Unit-V (09 Hours)

Reproductive System:

• Anatomy of male and female reproductive systems.
• Functions of male and female reproductive systems, sex hormones.
• Physiology of menstruation, fertilization, spermatogenesis, oogenesis, pregnancy, and parturition.

Introduction to Genetics:

• Chromosomes, genes, and DNA.
• Protein synthesis and genetic patterns of inheritance.