BP203T. BIOCHEMISTRY (Theory)

Unit-I (08 Hours)

Biomolecules

• Introduction, classification, chemical nature, and biological roles of:
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Nucleic acids
  • Amino acids
  • Proteins

Bioenergetics

• Concept of free energy
• Endergonic and exergonic reactions
• Relationship between free energy, enthalpy, and entropy
• Redox potential

Energy-Rich Compounds

• Classification of energy-rich compounds
• Biological significance of ATP and cyclic AMP

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Unit-II (10 Hours)

Carbohydrate Metabolism

• Glycolysis: Pathway, energetics, and significance
• Gluconeogenesis: Pathway and significance
• Citric acid cycle: Pathway, energetics, and significance
• HMP shunt and its significance
  • Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
• Glycogen metabolism: Pathways and glycogen storage diseases (GSD)
• Hormonal regulation of blood glucose level
• Diabetes mellitus

Biological Oxidation

• Electron transport chain (ETC) and its mechanism
• Oxidative phosphorylation: Mechanism and substrate-level phosphorylation
• Inhibitors of ETC and oxidative phosphorylation
• Uncouplers

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Unit-III (10 Hours)

Lipid Metabolism

• β-Oxidation of saturated fatty acid (Palmitic acid)
• Formation and utilization of ketone bodies; ketoacidosis
• De novo synthesis of fatty acids (Palmitic acid)
• Biological significance of cholesterol
• Conversion of cholesterol into:
  • Bile acids
  • Steroid hormones
  • Vitamin D
• Disorders of lipid metabolism:
  • Hypercholesterolemia
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Fatty liver
  • Obesity

Amino Acid Metabolism

• General reactions of amino acid metabolism
• Transamination, deamination, and decarboxylation
• Urea cycle and its disorders
• Catabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine and associated metabolic disorders:
  • Phenylketonuria
  • Albinism
  • Alkaptonuria
  • Tyrosinemia
• Synthesis and significance of biological substances:
  • 5-HT, melatonin, dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline
• Catabolism of heme, hyperbilirubinemia, and jaundice

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Unit-IV (10 Hours)

Nucleic Acid Metabolism and Genetic Information Transfer

• Biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides
• Catabolism of purine nucleotides and hyperuricemia
• Gout disease
• Organization of the mammalian genome
• Structure and functions of DNA and RNA
• DNA replication (semi-conservative model)
• Transcription (RNA synthesis)
• Genetic code and protein synthesis (Translation)
• Inhibitors of transcription and translation

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Unit-V (07 Hours)

Enzymes

• Introduction, properties, nomenclature, and IUBMB classification of enzymes
• Enzyme kinetics:
  • Michaelis-Menten plot
  • Line-Weaver Burke plot
• Enzyme inhibitors with examples
• Regulation of enzymes:
  • Enzyme induction and repression
  • Allosteric enzyme regulation
• Coenzymes: Structure and biochemical functions
• Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of enzymes and isoenzymes