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Unit-I: Benzene and Its Derivatives
- Structure of benzene: Analytical, synthetic, and other evidence in derivation.
- Orbital picture, resonance in benzene, and aromatic character (Hückel’s rule).
- Reactions: Nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation.
- Effects of substituents on reactivity and orientation in monosubstituted benzene.
- Structure and applications of DDT, Saccharin, BHC, and Chloramine-T.
Unit-II: Phenols and Aromatic Amines
- Acidity of phenols, effects of substituents, qualitative tests.
- Structure and uses of phenol, cresols, resorcinol, and naphthols.
- Basicity of aromatic amines, effects of substituents, and synthetic uses of aryl diazonium salts.
- Aromatic acids: Acidity, effects of substituents, and reactions of benzoic acid.
Unit-III: Fats and Oils
- Fatty acids and their reactions: Hydrolysis, hydrogenation, saponification, and rancidity.
- Drying oils and their significance.
- Analytical constants: Acid value, saponification value, ester value, iodine value, acetyl value, Reichert-Meissl (RM) value—significance and principles of determination.
Unit-IV: Polynuclear Hydrocarbons
- Synthesis, reactions, and medicinal applications.
- Structure and properties of naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, diphenylmethane, and triphenylmethane derivatives.
Unit-V: Cycloalkanes
- Stability theories: Baeyer’s strain theory, Coulson-Moffitt modification, Sachse-Mohr strain-free ring theory.
- Reactions of cyclopropane and cyclobutane.
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