BP801T. BIOSTATISTICS AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY (Theory)

Unit-I

Introduction to Biostatistics:

• Definition, scope, and significance in pharmacy research.
• Types of data: Qualitative and quantitative data.
• Measurement scales: Nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.

Data Presentation:

• Tabulation and graphical representation (histograms, bar charts, pie charts).
• Frequency distribution.

Unit-II

Descriptive Statistics:

• Measures of central tendency: Mean, median, mode.
• Measures of dispersion: Range, variance, standard deviation, coefficient of variation.
• Skewness and kurtosis.

Inferential Statistics:

• Concept of population and sample.
• Sampling techniques: Probability and non-probability sampling methods.
• Sample size determination.

Unit-III

Hypothesis Testing:

• Null and alternative hypotheses.
• Types of errors: Type I and Type II errors.
• Level of significance and p-value.
• Parametric tests: t-test (paired and unpaired), analysis of variance (ANOVA).
• Non-parametric tests: Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U test.

Unit-IV

Correlation and Regression Analysis:

• Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients.
• Simple and multiple linear regression analysis.
• Applications in pharmaceutical research.

Design of Experiments (DOE):

• Principles and applications.
• Factorial designs and response surface methodology.

Unit-V

Research Methodology:

• Types of research: Descriptive, analytical, experimental, and exploratory research.
• Steps in the research process.
• Literature review and research problem identification.

Report Writing and Publication:

• Structure of a research report.
• Referencing styles and plagiarism.
• Ethical considerations in research.